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Watch32 - Watch Movies on Watch32.com - Watch32 is the Biggest Library of free Full Movies. Watch 32 Movies Online.C: \Users\Your. User. Name in most instances. Command- line Options. This shows all the options that have a single- word. IPython lets you configure all of its objects from. For example: is equivalent to: ipython- -Terminal. IPython. App. matplotlib='qt'Note that in the second form, you must use the equal sign, as the expression. Python assignment. While in the above example the. IPython can be set at the command- line by. This long form is the same syntax used in the. Interactive use. As such, any code which is valid python should execute normally. IPython (cases where this is not true should be reported as bugs). It. does, however, offer many features which are not available at a standard python. What follows is a list of these. Caution for Windows users. This is a. terrible choice, because . For this reason, using . However, in Windows. This. means that paths beginning at the root must be typed in a contrived manner. Magic command system. These allow you to control the behavior of. IPython itself, plus a lot of system- type features. They are all. prefixed with a % character, but parameters are given without. Lines that begin with %% signal a cell magic: they take as arguments not. Cell magics can in fact make arbitrary modifications. Python code at all. The. %timeit magic receives both. If you have . With automagic on you can. If a magic. command is . You can also type. You can. also type help(object) for information about a given object, or. You may need to configure your. PYTHONDOCS environment variable for this feature to work correctly. Dynamic object information? If. certain strings in the object are too long (e. This system gives access variable types and. If the information will not fit in the terminal, it is displayed in a pager. Typing ?? word or word?? Long strings are not snipped. The following magic functions are particularly useful for gathering. Print (or run through a pager if too long) the. If the given object is a class, it will. Print the call signature for any callable. If the object is a class, print the constructor information.%psource< object> : Print (or run through a pager if too long). Show the entire source file where an object was. These functions give information about identifiers. For example, after doing importos, you can use. Readline- based features. We will first describe the default. IPython uses, and then how to change it to suit your preferences. Command line completion. It will also complete filenames in the. Search command history. Begin typing and the system. IPython will save your input history when it leaves and reload it next. By default, the history file is named. Adding the following lines to your . M- i indents, M- u unindents): # if you don't already have a ~/. You. can also disable it permanently on in your ipython. Normally, readline is configured via a. IPython respects this, and you can also customise readline. Interactive. Shell. The syntax for valid commands. GNU. readline library, as these commands are of the kind which readline. Interactive. Shell. Do not. change the default value unless you know what you’re doing. You will find the default values in your configuration file. Session logging and restoring. This feature is not quite. The log files can also be used as a way to have a permanent record of. Log files are regular text files. It saves your. history up to that point and then continues logging.%logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be. one of (note that the modes are given unquoted). They will fail (with an explanation) if you try to use them. System shell access! For example. typing ! Similarly, the result of a magic (as long as it returns. For example, the syntax myfiles=%sxls. Each of these gets machine. To. explicitly get this sort of output without assigning to a variable, use two. Wrap variables or expressions in . These aliases can have parameters.%aliasalias. The following example defines the parts function as an. See its docstring for further details. Recursive reload. To start using it, do: from. IPython. lib. deepreloadimportreloadasdreload. Verbose and colored exception traceback printouts. You can. run any Python file with the %run function to benefit from these. Furthermore, both normal and verbose tracebacks can. See the magic %xmode and %colors functions for details. These features are basically a terminal version of Ka- Ping Yee’s cgitb. Python library. Input caching system. All input is saved and can be. The following variables always exist. If you. overwrite In with a variable of your own, you can remake the assignment to the. In=. You can also manipulate them like regular variables (they. You can also re- execute multiple lines of input easily by using the. The macro system also allows you to re- execute. This is handy for searching for URLs, IP addresses. You can bring history entries listed by . Only actions that produce a. NOT assignments, for example) are cached. If you are familiar. Mathematica, IPython’s . So the. output from line 1. If you. accidentally overwrite the Out variable you can recover it by typing. Out=. You can control how many results are kept. Interactive. Shell. You can also use the %reset. Directory history. The. %dhist command allows you to view this history. Do cd- < TAB> to. Automatic parentheses and quotes. They are. meant to allow less typing for common situations. Callable objects (i. To enable it, use the %autocall. The commands below with special prefixes will always work. You can force automatic parentheses by using . One notable exception is if you are trying. IPython): In . If you put the. IPython will be your working. Python: importos,IPythonos. Note that in this mode, there is no way to pass IPython any. Python itself. Embedding IPython. This will load IPython configuration. IPython session. It is also possible to embed an IPython shell in a namespace in your Python code. Note however that. Note. At present, embedding IPython cannot be done from inside IPython. In some cases a simple print statement is enough. It can also be useful in scientific computing situations where it is. This should function work the same way, but you can. You can run embedded instances even in code which is itself being run at. IPython interactive prompt with . Since it’s easy. to get lost as to where you are (in your top- level IPython or in your. The code examples. You can also have multiple IPython instances in your program and open. If you close and open the same instance multiple times. Please look at the docstrings in the embed. The following sample file illustrating how to use the embedding. The first argument is a# string with options exactly as you would type them if you were starting# IPython at the system command line. Any parameters you want to define for# configuration can thus be specified here. Interactive. Shell. Embed(config=cfg,banner. Dropping into IPython',exit. This is printed from the main controller program.\n')# You can then call ipshell() anywhere you need it (with an optional# message): ipshell('***Called from top level. The IPython banner (which actually may contain initialization# messages) is available as get. This gives you fine control for debugging without having to change# code all over the place.# The code below illustrates all this.# This is how the global banner and exit. Try %whos, or print s or m: ')print('foo says m = ',m)defbar(n): s='eggs'ipshell('***In bar(). Try %whos, or print s or n: ')print('bar says n = ',n)# Some calls to the above functions which will trigger IPython: print('Main program calling foo(. 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CALL because it lacked the essential ingredient of sound. All sorts of other Heath- Robinson devices were invented by. CALL enthusiasts in order to get computers to produce high- quality. The videodisc player appeared in the early 1. The 1. 2- inch videodiscs (or. By linking a videodisc player. CALL programs that today would be described. In those days, however, the term interactive video was. One of the best interactive videodiscs. MIT's A. la rencontre de Philippe, which wraps up language learning in a real- life. Paris. Philippe is a freelance journalist from the provinces. Paris with his girlfriend, but in the first scene she dismisses. Philippe, reconcile Philippe. Philippe get a better job. A plan of Paris with. Philippe's answering machine, classified ads, and list of accommodation. The learner can telephone to find information about different apartments. At various points in the story, Philippe. The material, at least the video portions and many of the stills. Paris. The learner can read a description of the scene or review. The transcripts. include clickable glossary words and notes on idiomatic phrases. There are also. encouraging reminders of what the player should be doing in a given situation. See Fuerstenberg (1. Other examples of simulations on. Montevidisco, in which the learner is cast in the role. Schneider & Bennion. EXPODISC, which casts the learner in the role of assistant to. Spain and Latin. America (Davies (1. See Section. 5. 1. Module 3. 2, headed Branching dialogues. It's a great pity that simulations. CD- ROM developers - with one notable. Who is Oscar Lake? Their main advantage was the high quality of the sound, video. Their main disadvantage was the high cost of the equipment. Enter the. multimedia computer (MPC)The multimedia computer (MPC). The MPC was a breakthrough in terms of its compactness, price and user- friendliness. See also Module. 1. There were earlier computers that. Apple. computers appear to have a commanding position in the print and graphic design. Acorn computers only ever gained a foothold in the UK schools. MPC. Now we have multimedia on the. Web. It's a growing area but it has not completely supplanted CD- ROM or. DVD technology. For example, we are still waiting for the Web to deliver listen. AAC tape recorders in the 1. CD- ROMs were able to deliver such. Such CD- ROMs are still produced by. Euro. Talk. See the following modules: Module. Introduction to the Internet. Module. 2. 3, Exploiting World Wide Web resources online and offline. Training. in multimedia. It is evident from the number of. ICT4. LT website. INSET. training courses. Section 2. 2. 3, Doing it youself, (below). Essential multimedia hardware and software Contents of Section 2. Hardware. 2. 1. 1 Minimum. Certain minimum hardware specifications. Modern. computers are normally equipped with the following essential components as standard: The computer must also have a recent. Microsoft Windowsoperating system installed: see. Section 2. 1, Module 1. This is dealt with in Module. Section 1. 3. 2, headed Modem. Soundcard. An adequate soundcard is essential. Modern multimedia computers are fitted with soundcards as standard. You. should familarise yourself with soundcard controls under the Windows. For. further information see Section 1. Module. Loudspeakers / Headphones. Speakers or headphones are essential. When purchasing speakers it is worthwhile. The sound level. of all speakers or headphones can be controlled under the Windows operating. Headphones can be integrated with a microphone. For good. quality sound recordings the language teacher needs a high- quality microphone. You will not be able to see the graphics. All that is visible is the rear of the card. It is important to know what. When you. purchase software make sure that your computer has a graphics card that is compatible. The resolution is. Glossary under the entry Pixel), that. It is therefore important that your graphics card can display a large. You may need to adjust the resolution of. Most modern graphics cards are accompanied. You may need to vary the resolution. For example, you may need to set. The lower the numbers, the lower. A 6. 40 x 4. 80 setting offers a . Getting. the graphics card setting wrong is one of the commonest reasons for failing. This is normally done using the Windows Control. Panel on your computer. If you are unsure about how to do this, consult. ICT manager. 2. 1. CD- ROM drive Modern computers are now usually. CD- ROMs and DVDs. CDs. CD- ROM. stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. A CD- ROM is an optical disc. CD. A CD- ROM looks much the same as an audio CD but can. Once written, the data on a. CD- ROM can be fixed and rendered unalterable, hence the term Read Only. 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This indicates the speed at which data can be pulled off the. CD- ROM drive, the so- called spin- rate, with 1. A high spin- rate. See also the Appendix. Networking CD- ROMs and DVDs. Compared to the older 1. Section 1. 2 above), the first CD- ROMs produced poor. It is ironic that the. CD- ROM technology represented a major step backwards in terms of the quality. Now, with. the advent of DVDs, we have caught up with what was available in the. More on DVDs below in Section 2. Multimedia CD- ROMs were designed. This is because the main target of. CD- ROM manufacturers is the home user. This is not to say that CD- ROMs have. It was not until around 1. CD- ROMs for language learning began to appear in large numbers. David Eastment. was quick to identify the problems associated with early CD- ROMs: It is difficult to see how CD- ROM. Computer Room. Networking CD- ROMs. But sending video and audio information around the. The alternative is to set up each of the student. CD- ROM drives, and provide. CD- ROM discs it needs. It is problematic enough working. Working with CD means that every. CD- ROM disc in place. Frankly, I cannot imagine many schools going down this path. Soon, perhaps. the technical problems will be solved, or new software will emerge which will. For the moment, however, CD- ROM. PC. The problems identified by David Eastment. CD- ROM on a network: see. Appendix: Networking CD- ROMs and DVDs. See also Section. Module 1. 2. 2. 1. DVD drive. Modern computers are now usually. Download - Update. Star - Update. Star. Download the. free trial version below to get started. Double- click the downloaded file. Update. Star is compatible with Windows platforms. Update. Star has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with. Windows 1. 0, 8. 1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2. Windows. XP, 3. 2 bit and 6. Simply double- click the downloaded file to install it. Update. Star Free and Update. 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HUMMINGBIRD 260L HELICOPTER In 1991 the helicopter kit build industry was revolutionized by the introduction of the Hummingbird 260L, the world’s first FAA. But why would a company that makes billions on advertising add a feature to its own free product that would block advertising? Simply put, Google doesn’t want more. Plans for Bensen gyro-copters and gyro-gliders. As with so many editions of Unique Property Bulletin we started from somewhere completely different to the eventual content that managed into the actual published copy. On this occasion, we were researching additions to the Bulletin sister website Grand Designs For Sale. We do have a brand new Grand Design property fresh to the sale listing later on in this Bulletin. But whilst looking for a topic for this month’s feature article, we revisited the Grand Designs Tenby Lifeboat Station project to see if there was any news of that converted lifeboat station coming up for sale. Then came a distraction with St Catherine’s island which is close by – just around the headland. This small island and fort is a visually impressive place. You can see by the picture how easy it is to wander over and take a look- see (here). That led to news about the new footbridge to the diminutive island, which is aimed at helping improve accessibility (here). The tidal nature and other factors have been a block in the past. This echoed our own experience living on a small tidal island. The various ways for getting on and off – especially when the tide is high. A reasonable number of properties in these Bulletins have interesting challenges surrounding their accessibility. This is how we have landed on the topic of unique transport and journeys for this Bulletin’s feature article. One of Several Exotic Ways To Travel To Your New Unique Home. Lifelong friend Lorne has offered the spare seat in his gyrocopter for a fun flight. What do you reckon? Not that long ago the Hartland Point Lighthouse sale had buyers expressing concern about physical accessibility to the site. We proposed a modestly interesting way to get to and from the lighthouse along the access track. Our own view is that access issues should not be a problem on how a unique property is reached but an opportunity to innovate interesting solutions for such dilemmas. In fact our experience has proven over the years there is a rich array of ways to reach such places. Many are almost as unique as the properties themselves. So this month we explore some exotic ways – almost excuses – for you to purchase or create an ingenious method of getting to your new home. A legitimate reason to acquire some fairly outlandish transport ? You are going to need a big strimmer! The past few weeks we’ve had a lot of requests for land in the . As you might gather, this, like the weeds here, is a tall order. If you read this after the auction date, it is well worth while to check whether the lot actually sold on the day. Post- auction purchases can present very competitively priced property bargains. Location: The Barn (ruinous), Green Hill Lane, Off Lenham Road, Harrietsham, Maidstone, Kent, ME1. NFGuide: . Here is an ALTERNATE for sale. Higher price but still worth a look: Click Here. Further Details: Click Here sorry now sold. Property does seem to be selling quicker and with a higher rate of successful sales. Archived Details For Future Reference: Click Here. Contact Clive Emson Auctioneers – Tel: 0. Ben Snelling or John Stockey. Please can folk mention to the auctioneers that they found this bargain barn for sale in Unique Property Bulletin. This helps us keep this publication free for all readers.********************Haile Sands Fort For Sale. EXCELLENTVIDEO. It is certainly entertaining and interesting. More than that – for anyone contemplating the purchase of Haile Sands Fort, the Bulletin would HIGHLY RECOMMEND you watch the Conquering Haile Sands Fort video above. Though PLEASE do NOT climb up the sides of the fort, Please contact the owner (here) and we can arrange for you to have access through a . By the way, Ben, I just loved what you did with that selfie- stick when diving from the fort back into the sea . A very easy false sense of security that can happen on tidal islands. Hence the video clip at 4 minutes 3. Nikk. Pow’s brilliant piece on Youtube, and the scary bit that Barmy Ben encountered: Click here. Thanks guys – by far the best Youtube video adventure for a long time . Though the building of the fort commenced exactly 1. May 1. 91. 5. Originally Haile Sand Fort had full amenities for a garrison. It is believed that 4. Haile Sand Fort was constantly manned during both world wars, and often under attack from aircraft and submarine. The army left in 1. Location: Haile Sand Fort, Gayton Le Marsh, Tetney, Lincolnshire, DN3. EZGuide: . AS OF 1. MAY 2. 01. 6 PRICE NOW IN THE REGION OF. Please can folk mention to estate agent that they found this island fort for sale in Unique Property Bulletin. This helps us keep the bulk of this publication free for all readers.**************London Commutable. Canalside Mooring & Residential Boat. Maypole Dock, Quaker Lane, Southall, Middlesex. At Unique Property Bulletin we genuinely do our best to list unusual property within the M2. London area. However, as many capital city dwellers will know, London property sells quickly. So many times we have featured a London property only to have the listing changed to . We are working on how to remedy this problem. One way of course is to be proactive and buy a copy of the Unique Property Manual (here). This will give you ways to squirrel out some interesting London deals that are not yet in the High Street estate agency windows. For now, list a water abode close to the London Underground to inspire your inner uniqueness. The best of both worlds – a residential mooring and home for commuting to that job in London, and then at the weekends, up- anchor and enjoy a sedate and relaxing cruise around the canal network. This unusual home is set within a private gated community, situated on a small spur off the Grand Union Canal at it’s Southall section. Coming up for auction soon. Worth reiterating – if you read this after the auction date, it is well worth while to check whether the lot actually sold on the day. Mid- edition update: This failed to sell at auction: post- auction purchases can present very competitively priced property bargains. Maypole Dock, Quaker Lane, Southall, Middlesex. Modest but very pleasant. With the price of London residential property, life afloat might be a very interesting option to consider – both in style and budget. Location: Wai Hale, Maypole Dock, Quaker Lane, Southall, Middlesex, UB2 4. RGGuide: . Please can folk mention to the auctioneers that they found this canal boat and mooring for sale in Unique Property Bulletin. This helps us keep this publication free for all readers.***************MID EDITION UPDATESAs well as this monthly Bulletin, we have the regular Facebook and Twitter updates every 2 or 3 days: here and here. However we also revise, update and ADD to this monthly Bulletin during the course of the edition with relevant changes and new unique property that fits best at this online magazine website, rather than our social media newsfeeds. Please check back to this spot during the month to ensure you are not missing anything ***************Magnificent Masonry. Brynhyfryd Chapel, Bryn Terrace, Brynhyfryd, Swansea. Photograph Courtesy of Jaggery. This wonderful looking old chapel has much character. The tower is eye catching in a Romeo and Juliet sort of way. This former chapel was originally constructed in the late 1. Timber floors, solid stone walls under a timber pitched roof, clad with slates. The chapel has stained glass windows in part and is Grade II listed. The original pulpit and organ are still in situ. Location: Brynhyfryd Chapel, Bryn Terrace, Brynhyfryd, Swansea, SA1 2. PRGuide: Not disclosed – We wish they wouldn’t do that. Estate agency details/brochure with no price guide is very off putting. Further Details: Click Here. Google 3. D Streetview: Click Here. Archived Details For Future Reference: Click Here. Contact Rowland Jones Agencies – Tel: 0. Please can folk mention to the estate agent that they found this former chapel for sale in the Unique Property Bulletin. This helps us keep this publication free for all readers.***************Introducing the new. By helping us, this in turn can help you. A virtuous circle.***************TT + No- Tail + Big. Wheel + Jeremy + Coins. Plus Living In Your Own Lighthouse. For Sale: Lighthouse Keeper’s House. Lighthouse Keeper’s Cottage, Douglas Head Lighthouse, Isle of Man. Photograph thank you to the excellent Photographers Resources. This former lighthouse keeper’s property is located on the Isle of Man. A recent price reduction makes it more attractive. Add to this the additional elements of island life: TT + No- Tail + Big. Wheel + Jeremy + Coins, plus much more. Please can folk mention to the estate agent that they found this lighthouse building for sale in the Unique Property Bulletin. This helps us keep this publication free for all readers.***************Unique – Tanera M. However our very good friends can help to sell your property on a specialised basis. DO YOU HAVE ONE TO SELL? It looks like the UKWMO Bunker at Brundall (here) is soon to have the . Since events have moved to a conclusion on that one, we have a gentle flow of enquiries from reader seeking to buy one of these bunkers. In particular, yesterday (3. 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A girl charged in a fatal drunken driving crash also had photos from her My. Space page downloaded by prosecutors, who used them in their pre- sentencing report. The pictures, posted after the crash, showed her holding a beer bottle and wearing a “a belt bearing plastic shot glasses.” Her sentence was more than five years. Given that there’s no reason prosecutors can’t or won’t mine these sites for character evidence, technology is in essence handing these defendants a noose to hang themselves with. Still, there’s the danger that a photo taken out of context can be disproportionately damning. In the 2. 0- year- old’s case, he was remorseful enough to drop out of college and write apologies to the victim and her family. But the image of him sticking his tongue out at a party is far more likely to color a judge’s (or anyone’s) perception—a phenomenon that’s been proven by more than anecdotes. Image: Flickr/libraryman. Yoga - Wikipedia. This article is about the umbrella term yoga which includes religion, philosophy, and practices. For one of the six Hindu philosophy schools, see Yoga (philosophy). For the popular yoga that explains and emphasizes the physical practices or disciplines, see Hatha yoga. For other uses, see Yoga (disambiguation). Male and female yogis from 1. India. Yoga (. There is a broad variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 1. In the 1. 98. 0s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, the word took on broader meanings such as . All further developments of the sense of this word are post- Vedic. More prosaic moods such as . Yoga can take on meanings such as . In simpler words, Yoga also means . Thus, bhaktiyoga means . But the same compound is also given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras (2. In Hinduism these include Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, Karma Yoga, Laya Yoga and Hatha Yoga. The so- called Raja Yoga refers to Ashtanga Yoga, the eight limbs to be practiced to attain samadhi, as described in the Yoga Sutras of Pantajali. The term raja yoga originally referred to the ultimate goal of yoga, which is usually samadhi, but was popularised by Vivekananda as the common name for Ashtanga Yoga. Hinduism. Classical yoga. Yoga is considered as a philosophical school in Hinduism. Before the twentieth century, other works were considered as the most central works, such as the Bhagavad Gita and the Yoga Vasistha, while Tantric Yoga and Hatha Yoga prevailed over Ashtanga Yoga. Ashtanga yoga. Yoga as described in the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali refers to Ashtanga yoga. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is considered as a central text of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy. Both accept three reliable means to knowledge – perception (praty. Both these orthodox schools are also strongly dualistic. Buddhists pursue meditation as part of the path toward Enlightenment and Nirvana. The practitioner strives to be just a knower- seer (Gyata- Drashta). Jain meditation can be broadly categorized to the auspicious Dharmya Dhyana and Shukla Dhyana and inauspicious Artta and Raudra Dhyana. Tantra yoga may be described, according to Samuel, as practices in 9th to 1. Buddhist and Hindu (Saiva, Shakti) texts, which included yogic practices with elaborate deity visualizations using geometrical arrays and drawings (mandala), fierce male and particularly female deities, transgressive life stage related rituals, extensive use of chakras and mantras, and sexual techniques, all aimed to help one's health, long life and liberation. There is no consensus on its chronology or specific origin other than that yoga developed in ancient India. Suggested origins are the Indus Valley Civilization (3. BCE) and pre- Vedic Eastern states of India, the Vedic period (1. BCE), and the . According to Gavin Flood, continuities may exist between those various traditions. Between 2. 00 BCE–5. CE philosophical schools of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism were taking form and a coherent philosophical system of yoga began to emerge. Yoga came to the attention of an educated western public in the mid 1. Indian philosophy. Pre- Vedic India. Yoga may have pre- Vedic elements. Some state yoga originated in the Indus Valley Civilization. This interpretation is considered speculative and uncertain by more recent analysis of Srinivasan. And such evidence as has survived in the Vedas is scanty and indirect. Nevertheless, the existence of accomplished Yogis in Vedic times cannot be doubted.— Karel Werner, Yoga and the . BCE) and the Atharvaveda. BCE such as the Pali Canon, the middle Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita and Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata. It defines various levels of existence according to their proximity to the innermost being . Yoga is therefore seen as a process of interiorization or ascent of consciousness. White states: The earliest extant systematic account of yoga and a bridge from the earlier Vedic uses of the term is found in the Hindu Katha Upanisad (Ku), a scripture dating from about the third century BCE. This ancient text of the Nyaya school includes a discussion of yogic ethics, dhyana (meditation), samadhi, and among other things remarks that debate and philosophy is a form of yoga. Along with his army, he took Greek academics with him who later wrote memoirs about geography, people and customs they saw. One of Alexander's companion was Onesicritus, quoted in Book 1. Sections 6. 3–6. 5 by Strabo, who describes yogins of India. The earliest known specific discussion of yoga in the Buddhist literature, as understood in modern context, is from the third- to fourth- century CE scriptures of the Buddhist Yog. But since Jain sources postdate Buddhist ones, it is difficult to distinguish between the nature of the early Jain school and elements derived from other schools. The Buddha used a posture where pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, similar to even modern postures used to stimulate Kundalini. Concepts used later in many yoga traditions such as internal sound and veins (nadis) are also described in the Upanishad. In addition to an entire chapter (ch. The verses of the section are dated to c. Nirodhayoga emphasizes progressive withdrawal from the contents of empirical consciousness such as thoughts, sensations etc. Terms like vichara (subtle reflection), viveka (discrimination) and others which are similar to Patanjali's terminology are mentioned, but not described. Separation of self from matter, perceiving Brahman everywhere, entering into Brahman etc. Samkhya and yoga are conflated together and some verses describe them as being identical. Of these, Patanjali's Yoga Sutras are considered as a key work. Classical yoga. During the period between the Mauryan and the Gupta eras (c. BCE–5. 00 CE) philosophical schools of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism were taking form and a coherent philosophical system of yoga began to emerge. Of these, Samkhya was probably one of the oldest philosophies to begin taking a systematic form. In the early works, the Yoga principles appear together with the Samkhya ideas. Vyasa's commentary on the Yoga Sutras, also called the Samkhyapravacanabhasya (Commentary on the Exposition of the Sankhya Philosophy), describes the relation between the two systems. Yoga accepted the conception of . From Samkhya, Yoga Sutras adopt the . Many later Indian scholars studied them and published their commentaries, such as the Vyasa Bhashya (c. Taimni translates it as . The nondual state is characterized by the absence of individuality; it can be described as eternal peace, pure love, Self- realization, or liberation. This eight- limbed concept is derived from the 2. Sutra of the Book 2 of Yoga Sutras. They are: Yama (The five . They share many thematic principles, concepts and belief in self/soul, but diverge in degree, style and some of their methods. Epistemologically, Yoga school accepts three means to reliable knowledge, while Advaita Vedanta accepts six ways. They both hold that the free conscience is aloof yet transcendent, liberated and self- aware. Further, Advaita Vedanta school enjoins the use of Patanjali's yoga practices and the reading of Upanishads for those seeking the supreme good, ultimate freedom and jivanmukti. It takes the form of a dialogue between Yajnavalkya and Gargi, a renowned philosopher. This has led certain Indologists like Prof. Zydenbos to call Jainism, essentially, a system of yogic thinking that grew into a full- fledged religion. Yogacara received the name as it provided a . Hatha yoga emerged in this period. The movement was initiated by the Alvars of South India in the 6th to 9th centuries, and it started gaining influence throughout India by the 1. Viraha bhakti emphasizes one pointed concentration on Krishna. Over its history, some ideas of Tantra school influenced the Hindu, Bon, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. Elements of Tantric yoga rituals were adopted by and influenced state functions in medieval Buddhist and Hindu kingdoms in East and Southeast Asia. By the turn of the first millennium, hatha yoga emerged from tantra. Its texts were compiled starting with 7th century and Tibetan translations were completed in 8th century CE. These tantra yoga texts were the main source of Buddhist knowledge that was imported into Tibet. The Buddhist text Hevajra Tantra and Cary. Compositions of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, describe many dialogues he had with Jogis, a Hindu community which practiced yoga. You must discipline your mind. The devotee must meditate on the Word Divine. It is His grace which brings about the union. He understands, he also sees. Good deeds help one merge into Divination. In the context of this budding interest, N. Paul published his Treatise on Yoga Philosophy in 1. The first Hindu teacher to actively advocate and disseminate aspects of yoga to a western audience, Swami Vivekananda, toured Europe and the United States in the 1. Hegel (1. 77. 0–1. August Wilhelm Schlegel (1. Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel (1. Max Mueller (1. 82. Arthur Schopenhauer (1. Indian. She teaches at the Indian mental and physical discipline of yoga. Eliade, himself rooted in the Romanian currents of these traditions. His teachings gave many westerners their first glimpse into the practices of yoga and tantra. Basu in the late 1. Sri Yogendra (1. 89. Swami Kuvalayananda. There were periods of criticism and paranoia against yoga as well. During this period, most of the influential Indian teachers of yoga came from two lineages, those of Sivananda Saraswati (1. Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (1. Iyengar (1. 91. 8–2. K. Pattabhi Jois (1. Swami Vishnu- devananda (1. Swami Satchidananda (1. The number of people who practiced some form of yoga has grown from 4 million (in 2. It has drawn support from world leaders such as Barack Obama who stated, . Every day, millions of people practice yoga to improve their health and overall well- being. |